Catalogue of Nature-based Solutions for Urban Resilience launched at Climate Summit
Glasgow, November 15th 2021 – Nelen & Schuurmans cooperated in a consortium to develop ‘the Catalogue of Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience’. The catalogue has been presented to the World Bank Group and Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The consortium was composed of Felixx Landscape Architects, Nelen & Schuurmans, UNStudio, Rebel and UNSense. An integral version of the Catalogue can be downloaded from the World Bank’s Open Knowledge Repository.
Despite the growing worldwide demand for Nature-based Solutions (NBS) in cities, planners and politicians still have limited knowledge of when and how to build with nature. The NBS Catalogue provides guidance, real-world examples and technical assistance to help identify feasible nature-based investments that address the challenges of urban resilience.
The Power of Nature-based Solutions
In the past, societies put hope in heavy infrastructural works to protect urban environments from natural hazards. To a large extent, this infrastructure disconnected cities from their natural limitations and qualities. Currently, we are confronted with a multitude of natural challenges at the same time, and at the same place. Individual infrastructural solutions no longer provide adequate protection from multiple hazards.
‘‘Instead of scaling up our fights against natural forces, we need to fundamentally shift towards a mode of collaboration with the power of nature. Human and ecological processes need to be reconnected, instead of more divided. – Michiel Van Driessche, Felixx.
Values of NBS
NBS can deliver multiple services and benefits simultaneously. For example, bringing nature to the urban embankments or planting more trees in parks and green spaces can minimize heat, as well as reduce floods and droughts, while improving social amenities and encouraging social interaction at the same time. Moreover, NBS establishes a beneficial relationship between the human and the ecological processes, enabling urban environments to integrate both, and successfully cope with climate-related changes in the long run.
Landscape Approach
The NBS Catalogue signals the paradigm shift in urban planning from the predominantly engineering-based approach to the focus on highly functional natural landscapes. The use of NBS positions landscape architects at the forefront of climate adaptation. The new NBS approach is organized around the following principles:
- Each NBS is site-specific. The selection of an appropriate NBS is based on the of natural properties of water, soils, trees, vegetation and topography of each location.
- Each NBS is a part of a larger natural system. A successful NBS helps integrate its location into the larger ecosystem of the city and the region. Even a stand-alone NBS is embedded in the city-wide natural framework.
- Each functional NBS is a result of an interdisciplinary, multistakeholder process and delivers multiple benefits. Creation of a high-quality, multidimensional landscape requires input from engineers, scientists and communities.
“Know where your city is and recover its logical position in relation to the greater regional ecosystem. Reestablishing this relationship can make our cities healthier and safer.” – Eduardo Salinas, Felixx.
NBS Families
To a degree, the position of a city determines the suitability of NBS types. To help select appropriate NBS the Catalogue contains fourteen NBS categories ranging from Urban Forests, Building Solutions, and Wetlands to Bioretention Areas, River Floodplains, Mangrove Forests and Sandy Shores. We call these the NBS families. Each family is described, visualized and assessed for its capacity based on the following criteria:
- Processes- relevant for NBS resilience functions and benefits, such as infiltration, cooling or carbon sequestration.
- Functions – volumetric/quantitative capacity to regulate potential natural hazards.
- Benefits (for people) – capacity of NBS to deliver social, economic, and environmental benefits, such as flood and heat stress risk reduction, human health, job creation, or biodiversity.
- Suitability – environmental, technical and urban requirements for implementation as well as information on maintenance and costs.
- NBS practice – key examples (worldwide) with relevant lessons learned on social, financial and governance considerations.
The World Bank and NBS
Tackling climate change and biodiversity loss will require major social, economic and technological changes, many of which are costly and will require large investments. In urban areas, NBS can strengthen resilience to climate shocks while bringing additional benefits for vulnerable communities and the environment.
With the launch of NBS Catalogue at COP26 the World Bank Group highlights the importance of NBS as a viable and cost-effective alternative for conventional gray infrastructure. The structure of the NBS Catalogue and focus on the application and practice of NBS families underlines the importance of moving NBS from the theoretical discussions towards actual (and global) implementation.
“Integrating NBS in complex urban settings can be transformational for communities. However, it is not easy and requires the right knowledge and tools at the right time. The NBS Catalogue with its strong landscape architecture designs is such a tool that can bring inspiration, examples and implementation guidance for cities globally” – Brenden Jongman, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), World Bank.